This study has been an attempt to trace Paul’s argument in Romans 9:6–29 in light of his use of Scripture. Paul’s thesis statement that God has not betrayed his people, along with the meanings of the Scriptures to which he resorts (and the limited extent of available Second Temple and—more frequently—rabbinic witnesses regarding those biblical traditions), together delimit the possibilities of what Paul could coherently be discussing.1 The soundest interpretation, therefore, is that